Exploring Abyaneh: A Gem of Persian History and Architecture
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Historical Significance
This village stands out due to its diverse historical monuments and is among Iran’s most unique towns. The magnificence of its indigenous architecture, brimming with beauty, ranks Abyaneh among the world’s unparalleled attractions. Abyaneh is scenically charming, has a pleasant climate, and benefits from an advantageous natural setting.
During the Safavid era, when the kings traveled to Natanz for their summer residence, many of their close associates and courtiers preferred to stay in Abyaneh.
Architectural Features
In the 1981 census (1361 Hijri), the number of houses in Abyaneh was estimated at 500 units. These houses, built on the steep slopes north of the Barzrud River, are constructed such that the flat roof of the lower houses forms the courtyard of the places above, with no walls enclosing them. As a result, Abyaneh appears as a multi-layered village, with some areas rising to four floors. Abyaneh’s rooms are equipped with wooden windows similar to walnuts and often have wooden balconies overlooking narrow and dark alleys that form captivating scenes. The exterior of the houses in Abyaneh is covered with red soil sourced from a nearby quarry.
Unique Storage System
Due to the lack of space on Abyaneh’s sloping terrains for building necessary homes, a tradition has developed where each family constructs a cave-like storage space in the hills about a kilometer from the village adjacent to the road before reaching Abyaneh. These caves, dug into the mountains and visible only by their modest entrances from the outside, are used to store livestock, winter provisions, and non-essential items.
Lifestyle and Economy
The livelihood of Abyaneh’s residents is based on agriculture, gardening, and animal husbandry, all managed using traditional methods. Most women actively participate in economic activities alongside men. Abyaneh has seven qanats (traditional underground channels) for irrigating fields and orchards. Wheat, barley, potatoes, and fruits, especially apples, plums, pears, peaches, almonds, and walnuts, are produced in Abyaneh. Carpet weaving has recently gained popularity in Abyaneh, with nearly 30 workshops established. In the past, shoe weaving was a profitable occupation for Abyaneh’s women, but it has since faded into obscurity.
The Unique Language and Traditional Clothing of Abyaneh
The people of Abyaneh speak Persian with a unique Abyaneh dialect distinctively different from standard idioms in other areas. Their traditional clothing is still prevalent, showing their dedication and insistence on preserving their heritage. Men wear baggy, long trousers made of black fabric, while women wear long shirts made from colorful, floral-patterned materials. In addition, the women of Abyaneh typically wear white headscarves.
Abyaneh's Harpak Fire Temple: An Architectural Marvel
The Harpak fire temple is Abyaneh’s most ancient structure, dating back to the Achaemenid era, with significant developments during the Sassanid period. Built on a slope, it boasts stone and sarooj mortar arches. At its heart was a coal-fueled fire, symbolizing illumination or reverence, with coal sources nearby. The temple’s design ensures visibility from every angle, featuring a small hall, a religious floor at street level, and a corridor with domed sections leading to worship areas. It stands as a testament to Zoroastrian mountain temples.
Historical Mosques of Abyaneh
1. Jame Mosque Located in the “Miyaneh” neighborhood, the Jame Mosque’s most notable artifact is a wooden pulpit from 1074 AD. It showcases domed arches, intricate carvings, and designs reminiscent of Persepolis from the Achaemenid era.
2. Porzaleh Mosque In the “Porzaleh” neighborhood stands the Porzaleh Mosque, dating back to 1302 AD. Originating from the Ilkhanid era, it has undergone expansions in the Safavid and Qajar periods.
3. Hajatgah Mosque The Safavid-era Hajatgah Mosque, located in the “Bala” neighborhood, is known for its entrance dating to 1546 AD. Nearby, tombstones from multiple eras can be found.
4. Yasmaan Mosque Situated in the “Yasmaan” neighborhood, the Yasmaan Mosque is believed to predate the Safavid era. It has an old chamber and a new upper floor, with designated seating areas for families during religious events.
Historical and Sacred Sites of Abyaneh
1. The Mausoleums of Abyaneh Abyaneh village is home to three mausoleums: the shrine of Bibi Zobeydeh or Hinza, the Qadamgah shrine, and the mausoleum of Princes Isa and Yahya located in the southern part of the village, believed by locals to be the children of Imam Musa al-Kazim.
2. The Distinctive Dome of Bibi Zobeydeh’s Shrine Located in the lower neighborhood, this shrine boasts a turquoise-tiled dome, contrasting beautifully with the red-tinged houses of the village. The courtyard contains expansive entrances, especially the southern one overlooking lush gardens, offering a scenic view. The structure likely dates back to the 8th century AH (1299-1397 AD).
3. The Hinza Gorge and Bibi Zobeydeh’s Sanctuary In the southeast of the village lies a narrow, elongated gorge known as Hinza. Within the southern rockface of this gorge is a recess resembling a room. A wooden window has been installed in front of this recess, and a pilgrimage building has been constructed, attributed to Bibi Zobeydeh Khatun, a descendant of Imam Musa al-Kazim. Local legends suggest she took refuge in this small chamber with the protection of Abyaneh’s residents during a critical time.
Notable Houses of Abyaneh Among other attractions in Abyaneh, the houses of Gholam Nadershah and Naib Hossein Kashi stand out as noteworthy architectural landmarks.
