Unique Plant Species of Iran

Iran's Green Jewels: Discovering Unique Native Plants

Iran, a country known for its four distinct seasons, boasts an incredible diversity of plant species thanks to its unique geographical location, which includes being situated between two seas, diverse topography, and other factors. This extensive variety of flora makes Iran unique among Middle Eastern countries. In this article, we introduce some of the rare native plant species of Iran. Join us as we explore these fascinating plants.

Parrotia persica (Persian Ironwood)

You might have often walked past this tree without noticing its name and enjoyed its beauty, especially in the northern regions of Iran during autumn. The Parrotia persica, or Persian ironwood, is native to the Alborz mountains and is famous for its multicolored leaves that turn shades of green, pink, purple, yellow, orange, and red in fall. The tree’s beautiful, twisted trunk and extremely hard wood are other notable features. The red blossoms that appear in March are jewel-like and petal-less. Popular in Europe for ornamental gardening, this tree is one of Iran’s most important plant species, requiring careful conservation.

Fritillaria persica (Persian Fritillary)

Also known as the “inverted tulip” or “Mary’s tears,” this plant’s flowers grow downward, with nectar dripping from them. Legend has it that this flower witnessed the beheading of Siavash and bent its head in sorrow, which is why it grows downward. Typically blooming in the spring, especially in the Zagros mountain range, the Persian fritillary can reach over 120 centimeters in height. As it is an endangered species, conservation efforts by the Environmental Protection Organization are in place to protect it.

Crocus gilanicus (Iranian Saffron)

Iranian saffron, also known as “red gold,” is one of the country’s most valuable and export-worthy plants. While saffron usually grows in warm regions, it can also be found in Hamedan and Gilan. Harvested in the fall, saffron has numerous medicinal properties and is used in various industries.

See the seven-day saffron harvesting tour in Iran here.

Lilium ledebourii (Lilium ledebourii)

Known as the “Candelabra Lily,” this valuable plant is endemic to Iran and was the first national flower to be registered as a natural monument in 1976. It grows naturally in only two places worldwide: the Talish region of Azerbaijan and Damash in Gilan Province. This 4-hectare protected area in Damash has altitudes ranging from 1750 to 2000 meters above sea level. The flowers, which bloom in mid-June, have petals that grow outward and downward, with the plant reaching 50 to 150 centimeters in height.

Iris meda (Meda Iris)

Among the iris species, the Meda Iris, a native rhizomatous bearded iris, stands out. With its creamy yellow flowers, wavy petals, and brown and golden tones, this iris is found from Sari to Azerbaijan. Discovered by an Australian tourist named Pollak, the Meda Iris blooms in June and is mainly found in northern regions from East Azerbaijan to Miyaneh, growing on mountains and rocky areas.

Cyclamen persicum (Persian Cyclamen)

Known for its colorful blooms in shades of red, white, pink, and purple, the Persian Cyclamen is a herbaceous perennial plant found in northern Iran, although it is more commonly associated with the western Mediterranean. It grows at the base of trees and has broad leaves with a thickened lower stem. The flowers bloom in winter, making them a lovely sight in the colder months.

Taxus (Yew)

This evergreen plant retains its color year-round and does not shed its leaves. It thrives in shaded areas away from direct sunlight. Its needle-like leaves and red berries, although toxic to humans, are a food source for birds. As an increasingly popular houseplant, the yew is helping to prevent its extinction. Classified under the order Pinales, it is native to Iran.

Viola odorata (Sweet Violet)

The sweet violet, native to northern Iran, is commonly seen in parks and known for its fragrant flowers. This perennial plant blooms from late winter to late spring and can be found in various colors, including dark purple and white. Its delightful scent and ornamental value make it a favorite for gardens, often planted alongside pansies to enhance both fragrance and visual appeal.